New Journals for Publishing Medical Case Reports Recommended Citation

Akers KG. New journals for publishing medical case reports.

Case reports-which are detailed descriptions of the symptoms, diagnoses, disease courses, and treatments of one or a few patients-are a prominent form of medical communication that can be traced back to ancient Egypt [1].Starting in the late 1970s, however, case reports became viewed as less scientific than research articles, and the movement toward evidence-based medicine in the late 1980s pushed case reports down to the bottom of the hierarchy of evidence [2].Also, case reports do not receive nearly as many citations as meta-analyses or randomized controlled trials [3].In part for these reasons, many journals have ceased to publish case reports or have severely limited the number of case reports published per issue, thereby suppressing this type of publication.
Over the last couple of decades, much debate has centered on the value of case reports [4].Whereas some view case reports as mere anecdotes that can cause more harm than good by highlighting rare occurrences [5,6], others believe that case reports are important for medical progress [7,8].Whereas randomized controlled trials can provide strong confirmatory evidence of treatment efficacy, case reports serve different purposes: communicating the discovery of new diseases, disease mechanisms, or therapeutic approaches; alerting the medical community to adverse or beneficial effects of drugs; and generating new hypotheses to be tested by studies that employ more scientifically rigorous research designs [9,10].
Beyond being a mere bystander of evidence-based medicine, case reports can serve as sources of evidence in systematic reviews and meta-analyses [11], and a new type of ''evidence-based case report'' demonstrates how to apply knowledge gleaned from clinical trials and systematic reviews to the management of individual patients [12].A particular observation independently reported by several different case reports can be considered a ''nugget'' of information calling attention to reliable and potentially influential findings [13].Case reports possess considerable educational value, not only giving readers a chance to confront novel clinical scenarios and reflect upon their own practice [14], but also training authors to think and write clearly and critically [15].Furthermore, case studies have the potential to be highly read and to have a significant impact on subsequent clinical research [16,17].
Supplemental Table 1 is available with the online version of this journal.
Although temporarily shadowed by the rise of evidence-based medicine, case reports are once again being recognized as valuable contributions to the medical literature.At the same time, clinical faculty and residents are facing increased pressure to publish [18,19], and writing a case report is a relatively quick and easy way to engage in scholarship.To meet a growing demand for venues in which to publish case reports, new peer-reviewed journals that focus-sometimes exclusively-on publishing case reports have rapidly emerged over the last several years (Figure 1).As of mid-2015, at least 160 case reports journals from 78 publishers are in existence (Table 1, online only), with more launching each month.Some of these journals are general medical journals (e.g., BioMed Central's Journal of Medical Case Reports, BMJ Publishing Group's BMJ Case Reports, Wiley's Clinical Case Reports), and others serve specific branches of medicine (e.g., Elsevier's Epilepsy and Behavior Case Reports and Gynecologic Oncology Reports, Oxford University Press's Journal of Surgical Case Reports).Some have been introduced as ''sister journals'' or ''companion journals'' to more established titles (e.g., Elsevier's JAAD Case Reports is a companion to the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology; De Gruyter's Case Reports in Perinatal Medicine is a companion to the Journal of Perinatal Medicine).
So far, nearly half of these case report journals (41%) have been indexed in PubMed (Table 1, online only), which facilitates the discovery of case reports by researchers and clinicians and increases their prospects of influencing medical research or practice.
Only 1 title has received a Thomson Reutersassigned journal impact factor (Taylor & Francis' Neurocase, with an impact factor of 1.124).Although additional case reports journals may eventually receive impact factors, it is expected that their impact factors will be rather low due to the infrequency with which case reports are cited [3].
Unlike mainstream medical journals that publish only those case reports describing the most unique and striking clinical situations, these new journals accept case reports highlighting a wide range of clinical issues (e.g., observations that shed new light on disease pathogenesis, previously unreported adverse effects of drugs or other treatments, demonstrations of new therapeutic approaches, ethical challenges in patient management, strategies for preventing or overcoming medical errors) as long as they add to the corpus of medical knowledge and convey an important educational message [20,21].Thus, whereas mainstream medical journals may have a case report acceptance rate of only 5% [22], case report journals generally have a higher acceptance rate, ranging between 20% and 70%.
The vast majority of case report journals (94%) are open access (Table 1, online only), meaning that their contents are available online for anyone to read without a subscription.As such, they usually require authors to pay an article processing fee upon acceptance, typically between $300 and $1,200.A much smaller number of case reports journals are subscription-based, with some providing an open access option for a fee.BMJ Case Reports employs a unique funding model; in exchange for a $297 annual fellowship fee, individuals can access the contents of the journal and submit an unlimited number of case reports in a 12-month period.One of the advantages of online, open-access journals is quick publication, and many case reports journals advertise an acceptance-to-publication delay of one month or less.

AUTHORS BEWARE: CASE REPORTS JOURNALS WITH QUESTIONABLE PUBLISHING PRACTICES
An unfortunate outcome of the open access publishing movement is the growth of ''predatory'' journals that exploit the author-pays model [23,24], which is a particular problem in the biomedical domain [25].These journals primarily exist to collect article processing charges without providing much value in return, such as solid peer review, Rapidly increasing number of new journals that focus on publishing medical case reports professional editing and typesetting, preservation of journal contents, or indexing in major article databases.The practice of predatory publishing is rampant among case report journals.Specifically, a shocking 50% of publishers of case report journals (accounting for 49 out of 160 journal titles) engage in questionable publishing practices (Table 1, online only).These publishers are either listed on Jeffrey Beall's list of potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open-access publishers [26] or otherwise exhibit suspect behavior, such as not being transparent about publisher identity and location, boasting an ''unofficial'' or bogus journal impact factor [27], or falsely claiming to be indexed in PubMed.Therefore, when choosing a journal in which to publish a case report, authors should take care to avoid journals that display predatory warning signs, such as sending spam email solicitations for submissions or editorial board memberships, promising acceptance decisions within a time period that is too short for careful peer review, lacking a named editor-in-chief with academic credentials, having a website riddled with grammatical errors and broken links, and publishing articles that have not been professionally typeset [27,28].

CONCLUSIONS
The emergence of new peer-reviewed journals focusing on publishing case reports offers greater opportunities for clinical faculty, fellows, and residents to make scholarly contributions to medicine.With relatively high acceptance rates, clinicians stand a good chance of getting their case reports published, especially if they write case reports that tell a good story, are well-informed, and convey a clear and useful educational message [29][30][31][32][33].Many case reports journals are produced by reputable publishers and are indexed in PubMed, providing some assurance of their quality.However, this new genre of case reports journals is rife with questionable publishing practices, leaving authors vulnerable to publishing a case reportsometimes at a steep cost-that undergoes inferior peer review and that could disappear without warning due to unstable business practices.Clinician-scholars and librarians who provide publishing support could benefit from an increased awareness of these new case report publication venues and the ability to recognize the warning signs of predatory publishers.