Collection-based analysis of selected medical libraries in the Philippines using Doody’s Core Titles

Objectives This study assessed the book collection of five selected medical libraries in the Philippines, based on Doodys’ Essential Purchase List for basic sciences and clinical medicine, to compare the match and non-match titles among libraries, to determine the strong and weak disciplines of each library, and to explore the factors that contributed to the percentage of match and non-match titles. Method List checking was employed as the method of research. Results Among the medical libraries, De La Salle Health Sciences Institute and University of Santo Tomas had the highest percentage of match titles, whereas Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health had the lowest percentage of match titles. University of the Philippines Manila had the highest percentage of near-match titles. Conclusion De La Salle Health Sciences Institute and University of Santo Tomas had sound medical collections based on Doody’s Core Titles. Collectively, the medical libraries shared common collection development priorities, as evidenced by similarities in strong areas. Library budget and the role of the library director in book selection were among the factors that could contribute to a high percentage of match titles.


INTRODUCTION
Libraries typically aim to keep their collections fresh and updated based on client needs and professional standards. Aside from quantity, the quality of collections is constantly improved and maintained, because this is one of the fundamental services of libraries. High-quality collections also demonstrate the relevance and importance of libraries to the communities they serve. Thus, collection analysis is a significant aspect of library management.
List-checking is a method of collection analysis that librarians use to ensure the quality of resources. It establishes the authoritativeness and relevance of a collection. Faigel noted that it is the most popular method used to qualitatively evaluate collections [1]. Crawley-Low said that it reflects local needs of patrons and identifies strengths and weaknesses of a collection [2], and Bergen and Nemec believed that it can serve as a basis for collection assessment initiatives [3]. Johnson mentioned that it can develop a librarian's subject expertise [4]. Shedlock and Walton described Doody's Core Titles (DCT) in the health sciences as a guide to selecting core titles in health sciences literature that was established in 2004 in response to the cessation of the Brandon/Hill list [5], which previously was the authoritative selection guide for health sciences titles. In his review of DCT 2004, Spasser pointed out that while the list might not be perfect, its selection and rating criteria are noteworthy, and it is an essential collection development tool for the health sciences [6]. Fischer evaluated DCT and found it to be comprehensive and its selection committee wellrepresented by medical and allied health faculty and librarians [7].
DCT identifies certain titles as "Essential Purchases" that are important for a small library collection [8]. These titles are categorized by specialty and are selected by at least two librarians. The items on the Essential Purchase List can be considered to be a base collection as opposed to all selected titles, which would be considered a core collection. Lamb defined a base collection as recommended titles used to build a new collection [9]. Therefore, DCT is an important tool for collection analysis among medical libraries and information centers. It helps libraries identify the minimum requirements or standards when building their collections, especially when their budgets are very limited. It can also be used to measure the value of an existing collection against a set standard, to identify the strengths and weaknesses of a collection, and to compare collections across different medical libraries.
The author assessed the book collection of selected medical libraries in the Philippines based on DCT 2014 Essential Purchase Titles for basic sciences and clinical medicine. I compared the percentages of match and non-match titles among libraries and determined the strong and weak disciplines of each library. Furthermore, I explored the factors that can contribute to differences in the percentage of match and non-match among libraries. DCT titles were exported to Microsoft Excel and searched against the OPAC of the five libraries. To check updates in their collections, I searched against their respective OPACs in intervals from June to September 2014. The same methodology of checking via OPAC was previously used by Smith [10], Nissonger and Meehan [11], and Meehan, Swanson, Yates, and Decker [12]. If a library had a book with the same title and edition as listed in the core list, it was recorded as an exact match. If a library had a book with the same but superseded title as that in the core list, it was a near-match. If a library did not have a title in the core list, it was a non-match. Exact and near-match titles were combined and considered match titles.
In the assessment of strong and weak subject areas, subjects consisting of less than three titles were excluded from the list. These subjects were: anatomy/embryology, biochemistry, immunology, microbiology, and neuroscience for the basic sciences; critical care, endocrinology, gastroenterology, health care administration, laboratory medicine, nephrology, ophthalmology, rheumatology, and urology for clinical medicine. Table 1 shows the numbers and percentages of exact and near-match titles among libraries. Considering basic sciences titles, UST had the highest percentage of exact matches, whereas UPM had the lowest percentage of exact matches. However, UPM had the highest percentage of near-match titles. Considering clinical medicine titles, DLSHSI had the highest percentage of exact matches, whereas UERMM had the lowest percentage of exact matches. UST had the highest percentage of nearmatch titles. When basic sciences and clinical medicine titles were combined, DLSHSI had the highest percentage of exact matches, and UPM had the highest percentage of near-matches. Conversely, UPM had the lowest percentage of exact matches, and ASMPH had the lowest percentage of nearmatches. Table 2 shows the numbers and percentages of match and non-match titles among libraries. When exact and near-match titles were combined to represent match titles, UST had the highest percentage of basic sciences titles, and DLSHSI had the highest percentage of clinical medicine titles. ASMPH had the lowest percentage of match titles for both basic sciences and clinical medicine. When basic sciences and clinical medicine titles were combined, DLSHSI had the lowest percentage of non-match titles, whereas ASMPH had the highest percentage of non-match titles. Relationship between library characteristics and percentage of match and non-match titles      All five libraries had comparable strong subjects in basic sciences and clinical medicine, which shows similarities in their collection priorities. However, the libraries had different weak areas. Due to budget limitations, it may difficult to develop all weak areas at once. Thus, one library might choose to develop one area, while other libraries might strengthen another area. These differences in weak areas could be considered a driving force for forming consortiums for collection sharing.

Match and non-match titles among libraries
The age of a medical school can be either beneficial or detrimental to its library collection. Ideally, an older medical school has a head start in developing its collection, compared with a younger school that is still building its collection. UST, the oldest medical library, exhibited this effect and had a high percentage of match titles compared with other libraries. However, this may not always be the case, as age does not guarantee a high percentage of match titles. UPM and UERMM are older medical schools but had high percentages of non-match titles, compared with other libraries. On the contrary, DLSHSI had a high percentage of match titles compared with other libraries but is one of the youngest libraries. Thus, age can be a disadvantage when it leads to a high percentage of near-match titles and hence obsolescence. Older libraries have a tendency to keep superseded editions in their collections, as illustrated in the case of UPM, which had more near-match than exact match titles. On the other hand, younger libraries tend to only acquire the latest editions in their collections, as in the case of DLSHSI and ASMPH, which are younger libraries and had more exact matches.
Budget appears to be among the factors that contribute to a high percentage of match titles, as higher budgets give a library spending power to purchase books and keep its collection current. DLSHSI and UST had the highest percentage of match titles and had the largest budgets among the medical libraries. On the other hand, ASMPH and UERMM had more non-match than match titles and had smaller budgets than the other libraries.
The size of a collection can also contribute to a high percentage of match titles, because it increases the chance of having an exact or near-match title. However, similar to the age of a medical school, collection size could also contribute to the prevalence of more near-match than exact match titles, reflecting an obsolete collection. This was seen for UPM, which had a high percentage of match titles, although near-matches accounted for most of these titles. By contrast, ASMPH had the lowest percentage of match titles, but most of these were exact matches, making its collection relatively current.
The use of DCT as a selection tool as well as the library director's role as a book selector may be additional factors that contribute to the percentage of match titles. DLSHSI and UPM shared these characteristics and had more match titles than UERMM, which did not employ DCT as a selection tool and whose library director was not involved in the selection process. Although UST did not subscribe to or use DCT, its age, budget, collection size, and the library director's role in the selection process may have afforded it the opportunity to acquire more DCT-listed titles. It should also be noted that libraries that were aware of DCT might not necessarily have used it as a selection tool, as in the case of UST and UERMM. Furthermore, a library might subscribe to DCT but not use it as a selection tool, as observed for UERMM, or a library might use DCT as a selection tool but opt to partially follow the list, as observed for ASMPH.

Limitations
This study has limitations that should be acknowledged. Even if a title was owned, it might not have been available during the period of evaluation. My findings represent a snapshot of a moment in time, thus holdings could be different if checked at a later date. Differences in library mission and financial or space limitations may be other factors influencing their collections, but these are beyond the scope of the study. For instance, the library or medical program might not be among the high-priority departments or academic programs of a university, which could result in a lower budget and minimal management support, thereby lowering the quality of the library collection. Space limitations may drive some libraries to acquire ebooks and not catalog them in their OPACs, and thus these titles might not be accounted for when the OPAC is searched for match titles. Use of a larger checklist might have been desirable, especially since some of the subject areas were exceptionally small. Further studies could include checking the libraries' collections against the entire DCT core titles list. A user-centered collection assessment technique could also be employed to provide useful feedback on the actual use and relevance of the collection.

CONCLUSION
The findings demonstrate that medical libraries in the Philippines vary in terms of the quality of their collections. Some libraries have a sound collection, as evidenced by a high percentage of match titles. Other libraries lean toward obsolescence due to a high percentage of near-match titles. Still other libraries have poor collections with a high percentage of non-match titles. Many factors contribute to the percentage of match and nonmatch titles such as budget, the role of the library director as a selector, and the use of DCT as a selection tool. Libraries may consider reviewing their policies and practices to improve the quality of their collections, such as increasing the budget, involving the library director in the selection process, and using DCT as a benchmark for their collections. Medical libraries may share common collection development priorities but differ in areas that need to be improved. They are encouraged to consider their collection priorities to build their weak areas to achieve a balanced collection with all medical subjects and specialties fairly represented in their collections. A consortium for resource sharing or cooperative acquisition may help address gaps in library collections while managing costs.